European Colonialism In The Film Pelo Malo - 1709 Words

We often villainize the countries of Latin America, making them out as lands filled with violent, less civilized, poor people. Those who are uneducated about Latin America and the culture may apply the things they know about one culture in Latin America or the Caribbean to other countries in the area. We don’t realize that some of the stereotypes are directly influenced by the legacies left by European colonialism. Scholars studying colonialism have determined five colonial legacies that are seen in many post-colonial countries. These colonial legacies are authoritarian government, power of the Roman Catholic Church, a social hierarchy, economic dependency, and the large landed estate. In the film Pelo Malo, Junior, a young boy from a†¦show more content†¦Wright. They were followed by the Natives and Africans. Both were subject to work under the Spanish, but African slaves seemingly received harsher treatment. Natives were expected to provide labor, but this was not t o the same degree as the Africans who’s fate lie in the hands of their masters. (Wright, 22-24). This order clearly places people of color below those of European, which is the major part of the hierarchy that has persisted into the modern era. Though some Latin American societies have attempted to end this legacy, by egalitarianism in Cuba (Wright, 225) or the creation of the first black republic in Haiti, many other areas had persisting threads of the legacy weaved into their peoples’ everyday lives. In Pelo Malo, the scene in the school shows an example of a society breaking away from the social hierarchy. During colonial times, only men who were Spaniards or Creoles could obtain an education. Women or people in a lower class were unable to be educated formally (Wright, 23). However, the film shows the school to be filed with both girls and boys, from a variety of social classes it seems. There were children who looked like they could have been of full Spanish desc ent sitting next to people like Junior who were of mixed race. Having this integration helps break the expectation of a hierarchy in the children’s minds, which may lead to even less use of the hierarchal social order. The integration shows a separation from the

Prospects for student Entrepreneurship Free Essays

Entrepreneurship is acquiring impetus as a influential instrument for exhilarating economic growth in the country. This is a commanding educational means of training business professionals regardless of whether they started a new venture or not. Entrepreneurs see business in a more holistic way than do managers, who often see issues in terms of functional domains. We will write a custom essay sample on Prospects for student Entrepreneurship or any similar topic only for you Order Now We live in an increasingly busy world in which the divide between the haves and the have-nots is growing. This requires job creation at rates that are not easily possible for most businesses and Governments. This results in high rate of unemployment among educated youths. This is a major challenge and necessitates Entrepreneurship development programmes. Numbers of countries are pursuing the opportunities to become new hubs of global business activity through innovation. Even though management education emphasizes profit maximization and shareholder value creation, entrepreneurship envisages maximizing common good and minimizing social injustice and environmental impact. Entrepreneurship leadership has three principles. They include Cognitive ambidexterity, social, environment and economic responsibility and sustainability and self and social awareness. Developing cognitive ambidexterity has two logics. They are prediction logic as a traditional approach and creation logic which is a decision approach. An uncertain future can be predicted in the prediction logic whereas creation logic is based on action, discovery and creation. An entrepreneurial leader can use both prediction and creation logics to create new ideas or innovations. Globally entrepreneurial leaders are concerned about social, environment and economic responsibility and sustainability. Individuals and organizations are increasingly being held accountable for the social, environment economic outcomes of their actions. They must understand the inherent tensions and potential synergies that exist among social, environmental and economic value creation. Self and social awareness focuses on developing self and social awareness among the entrepreneurial leaders. It involves critical understanding of themselves and the societal context of business opportunities. Recently as Government of India is giving more thrust to food security and food safety issues, entrepreneurship and innovation management in agriculture/ food processing sectors are emerging as some of the specialization areas in entrepreneurship. Government of India is giving more thrust to food security and food safety issues. Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University had contributed substantially in this regard with special focus on farmer entrepreneurship for food security; the farmers being the primary producers are the key to local economic growth and sustainable agri-food systems, and food security for all. Promoting students with entrepreneurial capacities to create opportunities for muti-stakeholder action would contribute to availability of qualitatively good food and nutrition and market efficiency with sustainable food chains. The University student-focused activities include programmes like ‘earn while you learn’ projects, NSS activities, farm and field visits, educating students in cultivating a startup business idea, teaching them basic strategies like estimating costs and writing a project proposal/ business plan etc.Student Entrepreneurship is acquiring momentum across the globe. Government of Kerala have announced a unique Student Entrepreneurship Scheme to encourage entrepreneurship among the Collegiate level Students of the state. Recently taking in to account the importance of the programme Government of Kerala issued separate guidelines for issuing grace marks and attendance to students during ideation stage, teaming and company formation, technology formation and development of business models. As part of the same Technology Business incubator (TBI) can be established at the campuses so that student entrepreneur can associate with the TBI. University should establish Directorate of Entrepreneurship to strengthen this sector. Entrepreneurship division give major emphasis to entrepreneurship development, extension, knowledge dissemination, distance learning and awareness programmes. Rationale of the project: Livestock sector plays an important role in the National economy and in the socio economic development of the country. Livestock production performance has been more impressive than that of food grain production. Milk, egg, meat and fish showed impressive growth rates i.e. 5-10 percent. Livestock represents the only way in which natural vegetation can be converted in to products that can be used by man. This sector has been well knit with the socio-economic fabric of rural economy and plays an important role in the employment and income generation. The major component through which livestock contributes to the agricultural income are milk and milk products, meat and eggs. These products contribute about one-sixth of the calories and one-third of the proteins in the per capita food supplies of the world; the balance comes from vegetable products. Per capita consumption of livestock products is however, four to five times higher in the developed countries than in the developing countries. Presuming that one family member is employed in looking after the livestock, 25 million people are estimated to be employed with livestock rearing activity. Dairying and poultry sector is emerging as one of the important livelihood options. Although India has huge livestock population, in terms of trade it is having only a low impact in the world trade of livestock products. However, it is to be noted that India has tremendous potential to produce and export various livestock products. The high potential of the domestic market coupled with marketing opportunities abroad under WTO regime now render India to an enviable position to cater to the huge global market of livestock products, particularly dairy products. The emergence of India as a net exporter Nation of livestock products is a new trend in exporting group of nations in these products. It is also widely believed that with the ushering in of the agricultural policy reforms in major industrial countries, the demand for livestock products from developing countries, like India, will get a significant boost. India needs innovation in livestock sector to reach the productivity frontier and to use the best sustainable practices for production. The desire for innovation in India has been driven by search for low cost solutions to food security and food safety issues. Innovation is the application of new ideas to solve problems with resultant benefits to different stakeholders. India needs to create 1.5 Crore jobs per year for the next ten years to provide employment to youngsters. In this juncture accelerating entrepreneurship and creating business are crucial for massive employment generation. Government of India is promoting startups to scale up startup ecosystem in the country. Opportunity for startups was unparalled especially in the food processing sector in the country. NASSCOM aims to nurture 10,000 startups in the next 10 years and give a major boost to software product development in India. The Startup Warehouse will provide a well-connected, infrastructure for technology startups and will support entrepreneurs in their early stage of operations as well as act as a hub for innovation, collaboration, and entrepreneurship. Innovation in startup ecosystem depends on ideas, validation process and good partner relationship. Major steps in this process are laying the foundation, creating a challenge book, building participation, experimentation with cost, speedy implementation, building innovation sand box and putting a margin of safety. ? How to cite Prospects for student Entrepreneurship, Papers

Early pregnancy free essay sample

Early pregnancy is considered â€Å"socially problematic† such as : broken families, discrimination and some teenagers feel they all alone. In addition, people believes that being pregnant in an early age are at the high risk for poor health outcomes during pregnancy such as checkups ,vitamins and even exercise and it is a result of being a child mother because they are young not to know what the right things to do. And even in the child birth she didn’t know how to care with her baby because she’s too young. And in the process of growing up of her child most of them does not able to teach a good attitude to their child because even them their parents haven’t teach them well so the history repeat itself. But in the other way around some child mother care, teach and give their all attention to their baby because they don’t want that their baby would be same after them. Their parents must also help them to know more about the privacy and the sacredness of having sex. Teens can become pregnant as a result of sexual abuse or rape. Between 43 and 62 percent of teen sacknowledge that they were impregnated by an adult male, and two-thirds report that their babies fathers are as old as 27. Approximately 5 percent of all teen births are the result of a rape. Teen drinking can cause an unexpected pregnancy, according to the website Love to Know. Many teens experiment with drugs and alcohol. Drinking lowers a teens ability to control her impulses, contributing to 75 percent of pregnancies that occur between the ages 14 and 21. Approximately 91 percent of pregnant teens reported that although they were drinking at the time, they did not originally plan to have sex when they conceived. How to prevent Early Pregnancy? Teenagers must control and abstain theirselves and wait for the right time. Only married couples are legal to have sex because sex is very sacred.

Little Children and Big Dreams free essay sample

Every Saturday morning at my synagogue, there are three separate services occurring simultaneously: an elementary and pre-school service, a middle school service, and the adult service. Each one, much to my liking, has a set order of prayers. While sitting with my father, I check my watch and see that it’s â€Å"that time† already. I quietly leave the adult service, where I am simply a voice in the crowd, following each note which had been set into motion by another, and I waltz into the middle school service, ready to take up the reigns. Although at times it feels as though I am just the next buffoon in line attempting to yank Excalibur out of the stone, I know that on this day I am King Arthur. I stand tall with a siddur in my hand, a tallis upon my shoulders, and a kippa bestowed on my head. I wait. We will write a custom essay sample on Little Children and Big Dreams or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I sneak a glance at my master sheet, controller of my kingdom’s fate. I breathe. I take in this very moment; time slows to the point at which I can see my own thoughts dancing around inside my head and I set into motion a plan that will be foolproof, yet adaptable. My first words are poised to leap from my tongue. â€Å"Okay†¦ So let’s begin with Ma Tovu. Do I have any volunteers?† I always crave a plan. Something etched out in stone that, when read properly, yields a beautiful symphony. Even when doodling, I feel the overpowering need to ensure the sketch’s proportions are accurate and that there is adequate space for it to call home. However, just like my room, life is not always clean and organized. And by that very nature, it is seemingly impossible to adhere to some previously constructed guideline. What I had not foreseen happening this morning, or maybe chose to ignore, is the possibility that I have to adapt to the situation. We are only up to the sixth prayer and I’m running out of volunteers. My facial muscles tense up; I begin to fidget with the calluses on my palm. I look to my audience. My eyes flare up, my shoulders elevate, and a smile overwhelms my face. â€Å"Can I have all the parents on my left and all the kids on my right?† I ask, while projecting outward with my arms. â€Å"I want to see who is going to be louder: the kids or the adults. Ready? Begin.† Their voices fill room with the sound of music. I wouldn’t say that I’m surprised, but rather I am impressed by their gusto as well as my own quick thinking. The rest of the service proceeds according to my design. At the culmination, as I begin to remove my tallis, relinquishing my new found power, I see a well groomed man heading my way. His hand reaches out in my direction. A chill slithers down my spine quickly enough to tickle the bottom of my feet before his hand meets mine. â€Å"Well done,† he says â€Å"I hope to see you here more often. In order to perform the way you did, you must have had some formal training. I mean, there is just something about you that my kids and I really connected to.† I firmly shake his hand, thank him for the sentiment, and walk towards my own father with a joyous grin. A Siddur is a Jewish prayer book. A Tallis is a special shawl worn when praying. A Kippa, literally meaning skullcap, is a religious head-covering worn at all times.

Inca Empire Demise essays

Inca Empire Demise essays At its height, the Inca empire stretched from modern day Colombia to central Chile, and had about nine to ten million inhabitants, yet in 1532 Francisco Pizarro and a meager 62 horsemen and 102 foot soldiers conquered the empire. Pizarro was able to conquer the Incas not only because of his cunning and ruthlessness, but also because their kingdom was in disarray, therefore, I will discuss what I believe are the three main reasons why the empire fell, and none of them will have anything to do with Francisco Pizarro. My first explanation for the demise of the Incas is their rapid and recent expansion they had gone through only a few decades before Pizarro arrived. Circa 1438 AD Inca Yupanqui (Pachacutec) defeated the Chancas and expanded his empire out of the Cuzco valley. Around 1463 AD, while Inca Yupanqui was busy organizing his conquests and remaking Cuzco, the capital of his empire, his son, Topa Inca, was allowed to take control of the Inca army and continue the task of conquest. During that time, Topa Inca conquered the Northern Highlands of Peru, the Southern and Central Highlands of Ecuador, and then the Northern and Central Coastal areas of Peru. When Inca Yupanqui died around 1471 AD, and Topa Inca became Sapa Inca and took over the empire. During Sapa Incas rule, the empire virtually doubled in size, with the conquest of the lands of the Southern Coast of Peru, the northern half of Chile, Northwest Argentina, and Eastern Bolivia. This was done less than sixty years before Piz arro marched into Cajamarca (Davies 125-129). The successor to Sapa Inca was his son Huayna Capac in 1493 AD. When Topa Inca died ca. 1493 AD, he was succeeded by his son Huayna Capac. The empire had expanded rapidly to absorb millions of people spread over thousands of miles of land, and Huayna Capac had to concentrate much of his effort on quelling various rebellions in the north and defending the large border. Thus, when Huay...

Cmo se acredita la ciudadana americana

Cmo se acredita la ciudadana americana La ciudadanà ­a americana da importantà ­simos derechos. Pero para disfrutralos hay que acreditar que se es estadounidense. Estos son los documentos que puedes utilizar. Formas Principales de Acreditar la Ciudadanà ­a Americana Son vlidos cualquiera de los siguientes documentos: Pasaporte americano, que no puede estar daà ±ado ni manipulado.El  certificado o acta de nacimiento, si has nacido en Estados Unidos.  Tiene que ser emitido por el estado, el condado o el municipio donde se haya producido. En ese enlace se explica cà ³mo obtener una copia.El Reporte Consular de Nacimiento en el Exterior, (documento conocido como FS-240), si has nacido en otro paà ­s o en una base militar de los EEUU y adquiriste la nacionalidad por tu padre o por tu madre. Para tener este reporte tu progenitor americano tiene que haber registrado el nacimiento y la ciudadanà ­a en el consulado o embajada ms cercano. (Dependiendo del aà ±o en que has nacido puede que tengas un Certificate of Report of Birth (documento DS-1350), que ahora ya no se emiten, pero si lo tienes es totalmente vlido).El Certificado de naturalizacià ³n, para las personas que nacieron en otro paà ­s y que emigraron a Estados Unidos y tras ser residentes solicitaron adquirir la nacionalidad estadounid ense.El Certificado de ciudadanà ­a en los siguientes 3 casos que se explican a continuacià ³n: En primer lugar, si has nacido en el extranjero y tu padre o tu madre cumplen con las condiciones para transferirte la nacionalidad americana por derecho de sangre y no inscribieron tu nacimiento en la oficina consular. En segundo lugar si has nacido en el extranjero y tu padre o tu madre biolà ³gico (no vale casos de hijastros) se convierte en ciudadano por naturalizacià ³n. Adems tienen que cumplirse otros requisitos para esta ciudadanà ­a automtica: antes de cumplir los 18 aà ±os de edad has entrado a Estados Unidos como residente permanente legal y vives con tu padre o madre que se ha hecho ciudadano En tercer lugar, si has entrado en EEUU como un IR-3 en los casos de adopcià ³n por un ciudadano americano. Formas Indirectas de Demostrar que se es Estadounidense En ocasiones muy extraordinarias podrà ­a darse el caso de que una persona es ciudadana americana pero no tiene forma de obtener ninguno de los documentos mencionados anteriormente. En estos supuestos- muy raros- se podrà ­a demostrar de forma indirecta. Caben dos posibilidades: Si se has nacido en el extranjero y eres ciudadano por derecho de sangre segà ºn la ley que aplicaba en el momento en que naciste pero no tienes ni Certificate of Report of Birth ni Consular Report of Birth Abroad se probar la ciudadanà ­a presentando: el acta de nacimiento traducido al inglà ©sevidencia de la nacionalidad estadounidense de ambos padres o de uno de elloscertificado de matrimonio de los progenitores (si lo hubiera)declaracià ³n jurada del padre o la madre americano detallando los lugares en los que ha vivido Si se ha nacido en los Estados Unidos y no aparece tu acta de nacimiento hay tres opciones para probar dicho nacimiento en USA  el formulario DS-10, declaracià ³n jurada de nacimiento. Sirve para obtener el pasaporte. Debe ir acompaà ±ado de una nota oficial de que no existe acta de nacimiento aceptable. Carta de falta de rà ©cord. Deber ir acompaà ±ada por los denominados Informes Pà ºblicos Tempranos (Early Public Records). Entre esos se encuentran los certificados de bautismo o de nacimiento en un hospital, rà ©cords de escuela infantil, del censo o en la Biblia familiar. Incluso se admite en esta categorà ­a informes de atencià ³n mà ©dica justo despuà ©s del nacimiento.  Certificado de nacimiento retrasado siempre y cuando se haya realizado dentro de un aà ±o despuà ©s a dicho nacimiento. Si esta matriculacià ³n se realizà ³ ms tarde es necesario una declaracià ³n jurada de los padres o de las personas que atendieron el parto y tambià ©n presentar ejemplos de Informes Pà ºblicos Tempranos. No Sirven de Prueba de la Ciudadanà ­a No se admiten para acreditar el estatus de estadounidense ninguno de los siguientes documentos: La tarjeta del Nà ºmero del Seguro Social  La tarjeta de votante  La tarjeta de licenciarse del Ejà ©rcito americanoLa licencia de manejar Tips En ningà ºn caso los Informes Pà ºblicos Tempranos sirven, por sà ­ solos, para demostrar que una persona es estadounidense. Debern acompaà ±arse por documentacià ³n adicional ya mencionada. El pasaporte, el certificado de naturalizacià ³n, el de ciudadanà ­a, el Certificate of Report of Birth, el Consular Report of Birth Abroad y el acta de nacimiento en Estados Unidos valen todos como documentos para probar tanto la identidad como la ciudadanà ­a americana. Pero el pasaporte es sin duda el documento ms fcilmente reconocido por todos. Adems tiene otra ventaja: permite viajar al exterior y regresar a los Estados Unidos de Amà ©rica. Curiosidad Los latinos somos la minorà ­a ms grande en Estados Unidos. Prueba de ello es que dos apellidos hispanos estn entre los 10 ms comunes y 19 entre los top 100.

Youtube case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Youtube - Case Study Example Despite this fact, critics remain largely skeptical about the sites business model. Its lack of movie content has made it a bà ªte noire of critics. Hollywood producers, however, do not see YouTube as a home for their content, but rather as merely as a great promotion tool. YouTube has a number of products and services. YouTube has ad products, which are crafted around the way people actually use the companys website. These ad products have helped transform users activities on the site, like searching content, into appropriate advertising opportunities. Some ad products are promoted videos, which are videos with the type of content a particular user has searched for in the past. Another ad product is TrueView, which enables users to skip an ad entirely, but chargers advertisers if viewers choose the content and watch it the entire way through. YouTube also has click-to-buy products, where viewers become product consumers. YouTube services include Personalized Channels which is a predictive video service, similar to Pandoras service for music. In addition, YouTube has a streaming service, where important live events like sports and concerts from around the globe are broadcast live to viewers. Further, YouTube has a partner program, whereby, YouTube places ads next to popular videos or producers and they share the revenue from these ads. Other services include searching and viewing videos. YouTube has a competitive edge over its rivals. While other video programs like Hulu and Netflix continue to grow, they have not made a significant impression on the market. Nevertheless, Netflix and Hulu have other services which YouTube does not offer. For example, they have taken a lead in movies, which is still not well implemented by YouTube. Overall, it will take some time and increased efforts, before any competitor makes an impact on the video platform like YouTube has

Compare columbus two letters regarding his voyages.how are they Essay

Compare columbus two letters regarding his voyages.how are they different in term of tone and diction.give specific examples that demostrate these differences and supply a reason for the difference - Essay Example This letter had a lot of exaggeration concerning the number of concurred islands and their wealth. Columbus wrote his letter to Gabriel while still on board the ship at the canaries (Winsor, 1891). Unlike the other letter, this letter described difficulties experienced in their voyage. This letter was also written to show the difficulties the crew had to endure in order to make a successful voyage. Unlike the previous letter, this second letter was written in a less optimistic tone. The second letter was also written from reality and, therefore it lacked exaggeration. The letter written to Louis contained many myths and hence unrealistic. In the letter written to Louis, Christopher talks about having discovered strange islands and communities. He talked of having discovered an island with fierce man-eating monsters. In his letter to Gabriel, Christopher talked about a storm that they encountered at the canaries and, this indicates the reality in the

Master and slave operation Essay Example for Free

Master and slave operation Essay Bluetooth devices exist in small ad-hoc network configuration with the ability to operate as either master or the slave; the specification also allows a mechanism for master and slave to switch their roles. The configurations can be single point, which is the simplest configuration with one master and one slave. Multipoint, called a Piconet, based on up to 7 slaves clustered around a single Master. And a third type called a Scatternet, this is a group of Piconets effectively hubbed via a single Bluetooth device acting as a master in one Piconet and a slave in the other Piconet. The Scatternet permits either larger coverage areas or number of devices than a single Piconet can offer. Figure 5 outlines the different master and slave topologies permitted for networks in the standard (see â€Å"Bluetooth: Goodbye Infrared†). The role of the master is to control the available bandwidth between the slaves, it calculates and allocates how often to communicate with each slave and locks them into the appropriate frequency hopping sequence. The specification describes an algorithm that calculates the hop sequence, the seed being based on the master’s device address and clock. In addition to hop sequence control, the master is responsible for transmit control by dividing the network into a series of time slots amongst the net members, as part of a Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) scheme. These time slots can consist of data and potentially additional voice traffic i. e. you will always need a data channel before you can add a voice channel. The time slot is defined as 625  µs and all packet traffic is allocated 1, 3 or 5 slots, grouped together in transmit and receive pairs. Prior to connection some operations such as inquiry, paging and scanning operations may sometimes occur on half slots (see â€Å"Bluetooth: Goodbye Infrared†). Figure 5: Point to point, Piconet and Scatternet. A. 2. 3 Voice and Data Links. Bluetooth carries communication traffic over two types of air interface links defined as Asynchronous ConnectionLess (ACL) or Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO). During a connection the links carry voice and data traffic in the time slots and are categorised as either time critical, as used for voice and audio, or high speed non-time critical data with a mechanism for acknowledgement and re-transmission. The first link established between master and slave is the ACL link and carries high speed data that is insensitive to time. It is packet switched, as the data is sporadic in nature, asynchronous, contains asymmetric and symmetric services and uses a polling access scheme. A master may be permitted to have a number of ACL links up to the maximum number of slaves permitted by the specification but only one link is allowed between any two devices (see â€Å"Bluetooth: Goodbye Infrared†). Once an ACL has been established a SCO link can be created on top of the ACL link. The SCO link is circuit switched; it has symmetric synchronous services and has slot reservation at fixed intervals, making it suitable for time critical data such as voice. The specification restricts the number of SCO links that a master can support to three. Summarising the two types of links: ACL ? Packet constructed of a 72 bit access code, a 54 bit packet header, a 16 bit CRC and Payload data ? Largest data packet is DH5 giving 723. 2 Kb/s as highest data rate in one direction. ? Non time critical data ? Asynchronous ? Packet switched ? Polling access SCO ? Same access code and header as ACL packets ? ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) and SEQ (SEQuence) flags redundant since flow control and re-transmissions do not apply ? Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC) field is absent? Payload fixed at 30 bytes, with source data of 10, 20 or 30 bytes ? Circuit switched ? Symmetric synchronous services ? Slot reservation at fixed intervals A special case exists that mixes SCO and ACL packets. Known as the Data Voice (DV) packet it carries data and voice on regular intervals like the SCO. The voice data has no flow control or CRC as per SCO packets, whereas the data part of the DV packet has flow control, re-transmission of the data part is permitted and the data part is CRC protected (see â€Å"Bluetooth: Goodbye Infrared†).

Essay --

While viewing The Conversation I was struck by the quality sound design. As we previously watched Gravity weeks prior it became clear why a movie like that would need many sound engineers to balance all the special effects one would get in an IMAX theatre. However, this feature goes in depth about Harry who is a Bugger, one who records people’s conversations or sounds, such as a private investigator. His job is to record others conversations and not ask questions from his employer. To capture the reality and impact of a story, sound technicians must manipulate the dialogue with any background or source music to flow naturally. As audience members, we do not recognize the complexity and extreme measures sound editors go to in order to capture everyday sounds of background noises and/or to highlight specific aspects of the world the character may be experiencing with more focus. When I think of films with great sound design, I usually think of the action or adventure genres. Al though The Conversation is not an action film, it exudes a powerful sound design that is quite impressive. The sound is greater than you could expect, or maybe even notice, on an initial viewing. The storyline allows its main character, played by Gene Hackman, to act as an on-screen sound mixer. Through the film’s volume changes the sound perspectives within the diegetic space were interesting to follow through listening intently. The dramatic differences are between looking down a street or standing in the street. Such as when Harry is trying to take the bongo drums out of the recording so he can clearly hear the vocals of the two people he is recording with precision. When watching the film I saw that Walter Murch actually did some of the sound design on... ...t within the diegesis we hear music that exemplifies his state of mood. He vigorously searches his apartment in hopes to find the bug that they placed in his apartment that is mentioned in the phone call. The piano starts out slowly then speeds up as he breaks everything in the place to the point he would need to replace it. It then fades off with Harry sitting on the torn up floor with the piano at a medium pace and him playing the saxophone showing his disappoint that he was one upped by someone. Lastly, in today’s world The Conversation still serves as a contemporary cautionary tale. It reminds us how important sound designers are to the world of filmmaking or private investigators that must record sounds. In today’s films we have made a huge breakthrough with sound technologies such as Dolby Atmos, which can only get better with advancement in future updates.

A Good Man Is Hard to Find: Irony

â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† In the short story, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† there is irony all through the pages. It shows how you should follow your gut instinct when you think you shouldn’t go somewhere, when you know something bad is going to happen. In the story it also talks about how the grandmother wore her nice clothes in case of an accident, she wanted to look like a lady in case anything bad was to happen. The grandmother was constantly talking about the good in people, but was she a good woman? The first bit of irony the story throws at the reader is on the first page when the grandmother is talking about how she doesn’t want to go to Florida because that’s where the Misfit is headed. As the grandmother is trying to get her son Bailey to listen as she says, â€Å"The Misfit is aloose from the Federal Pen and headed toward Florida and you read here what it says he did to these people. Just you read it. I wouldn’t take my children in any direction with a criminal like that aloose in it. I couldn’t answer to my conscience if I did† (O’Connor 281). Now I don’t believe that the ironic twist is that the misfit was headed to Florida just like the family, I believe that the twist is that the Misfit just so happen be on the same dirt road that the grandmother asked her son Bailey to turn down later on in the story. The grandmother wanted to turn down this dirt road in Georgia because she remembered an old plantation house she had visited when she was younger. After turning down the road she then remembered that this was not the road at all, the old plantation house she had remembered was in Tennessee, not Georgia. The second major ironic twist that stood out to me was how the grandmother wore good clothes to go on a road trip, â€Å"In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once she was a lady† (O’Connor 282). The grandmother wore a navy dress with a straw hat that had white violets on it. Indeed the grandmother was dressed like a lady, but did she act upon it at all times? I think she did just that, I believe she acted like a lady but was not truly one. Grandmothers cat caused Bailey to have an accident. †¦as the grandmother limped out of the car, her hat still pinned to her head but the broken front brim standing up at a jaunty angle and the violet spray hanging off the side† (O’Connor 287). At this point is when I believe that the grandmother acts as if she is a lady. If she was a true lady then maybe her clothes would not have been messed up, or there wouldn’t have been an accident at all. But there is still that piec e of thought about how the grandmother knew to dress in case of an accident. The final bit of irony is how the grandmother kept talking about good men, and how they are hard to find. When the family stops at the diner to eat she talks to Red Sammy and his wife about how hard good men are hard to find, but then she also tells Red Sammy that he is a good man because he let a couple of men charge gas. Red Sammy’s wife says there isn’t no one that she can trust, â€Å"‘And I don’t count nobody out of that, not nobody,’ she repeated, looking at Red Sammy† (O’Connor 285). After they wreck a car shows up with The Misfit and his two side kicks in it, who turn out not to be good men. The grandmother realizes real soon that the man is The Misfit, she recognized him from the picture in the newspaper. Soon after arriving Bobby Lee takes Bailey and his son John Wesley into the woods to kill them. The grandmother went on about how the Misfit could be a good man, and how he should pray. The Misfit told her that his family was good people, he just wasn’t. Soon Bobby Lee and Hiram took the childrens mother, June Star, and the baby to the woods to meet up with the boys. The grandmother then realized that she must think of something soon, because she would be next. They started talking about Jesus and how he did or didn’t raise the dead. The Misfit said that if he didn’t know but if he would have been there he would have known better and wouldn’t be the way he is now. â€Å"Why you’re one of my own babies. You’re one of my own children! † (O’Connor 293). After the grandmother said that she touched him on the shoulder and the Misfit turned around and shot her three times in the chest. This was a great short story for irony, because the grandmother was correct about most things. The grandmother knew not to go towards Florida because The Misfit was headed that way after escaping from the pen. She was right about dressing like a lady in case of an accident, because indeed there was an accident, but she caused the accident by bringing her cat along without anyone knowing. Then there is speak of a good man, is there any such thing? Red Sammy’s wife wouldn’t even think of him as a good man, if your wife doesn’t believe you are no one really can. The Misfit comes along and talks to the grandmother for a while about good people, while doing so shoots her family then her dead. ‘â€Å"She would have been a good woman,† The Misfit said, â€Å"if it had been somebody there to shoot her every minute of her life†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (O’Connor 293). This goes with my assumption that the grandmother was just acting like a lady, and The Misfit even saw through her lies.

The Preventing Workplace Discrimination

a. People with disabilities or drug abuse problems can be accommodated in several ways. It is especially important to accommodate those with disabilities. The physical workplace setup can for example be arranged in such a way to be more accessible to the blind or wheelchair bound. Those with hearing disabilities can be accommodated by providing interpreters during meetings or interactions with the rest of the workplace staff. In terms of drug abuse, programs and workshops focusing on the problem, its consequences and its management can be offered. If not voluntary, such persons can be forced to attend under threat of losing their jobs. b. Personality, attitude toward work, and future upward mobility are very important considerations for hiring future employees. In terms of the first, it is important to consider whether the employee will be better suitable for teamwork or individual tasks, for example. The personality in this case will determine which requirements the employee will be best suited for, and must be aligned with the requirements of the job being applied for. Attitude towards work is probably the most important consideration. An employee with a positive attitude is much more valuable and more likely to succeed in any job situation than one with a negative attitude. Upward mobility is a consideration that will carry particular weight according to the nature of the job being applied for. An employee that is upwardly mobile will probably be more motivated to perform well than one who is not. c. I believe that Title VII can and will override the employment environment and conditions in a written employment contract. The reason for this is that an employee signing a contract may be unaware of the current legislation regarding such conditions. An employee's willingness to work under certain conditions does not change the law regarding these conditions. It is the job of the employer to educate him- or herself regarding the newest legislation, and complying with this. Non-compliance can result in legal problems and a negative public image for the company.

The High School Science Classes You Should Take

The High School Science Classes You Should Take SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Which science classes will you be required to take in high school, and what will you learn in them?Which science subjects will colleges expect you to have studied, and how can you impress them by exceeding expectations? Read this guide to learn about standard science curriculum, AP and IB science courses, college expectations, and ways you can exceed those expectations and use your high school science classes to strengthen your transcript. Standard High School Science Curriculum Most high schools require students to complete 2 or 3 years of science classes in order to graduate, and these classes will often include a laboratory component where students conduct hands-on experiments as part of the class. The course sequence for science classes in most high schools goes biology → chemistry → physics. Some schools teach earth science freshman year then move on to biology and chemistry, and some schools follow the "Physics First" curriculum where studentstake physics as freshman. However, the majority of schools follow the course sequence outlined below: Freshman Year: Biology Biology is usually the first science high school students are taught because it has less of a focus on math than other science subjects, so freshman have time to develop their math skills before moving on to more math-focused sciences Main topics include: cells, the organism and its relationship to the environment, human growth and development, ecology, genetics. Sophomore Year: Chemistry Chemistry generally has a greater emphasis on mathematical concepts and lab work than biology. Main topics include:introduction to acids and bases, the mole concept, reaction rates, and chemical energy. Junior Year: Physics or Earth/Physical Science This is probably the first year you will have a choice in regards to which science subject to study: physics or earth/physical science Physics Physics is most often taken by students more confident in their scientific and math abilities, those planning to study science or math in the future, and those who want to get into more competitive colleges.Physics frequently requires math skills (algebra level and above). Main topics include:concepts of time, space, and matter, motion and forces, optics and light, electricity and magnetism, atomic physics. Earth/Physical Science Different schools may have different names for this course, but most classes will cover topics from both earth and physical science.These classes are less math-intensive and often considered less rigorous than physics. Main topics in earth science:geology, weather, astronomy, life processes. Main topics in physical science:kinetics, mechanics, optics, electricity, magnetism. Should You Take Physics? Itlooks better on your transcript if you do, but most colleges don’t require it, unless you plan on majoring in math or science. Ifyou are applying to a highly competitive school, plan on studying math or science in the future, or are confident in your math and science abilities, then you should take physics. Ifyou struggle with math and science and aren’t planning on majoring in those fields, then it’s probably fineto take earth/physical science instead. However, try to take higher level classes in other subjects like English or social studies to keep your transcript strong. Senior Year: Optional Electives There is no standard science subject for high school seniorsMost high schools do not require seniors to take a science class, but if you choose to, you can take electives.Electives are offered on a wide variety of subjects, including astronomy, human biology, and zoology. Senioryear is also an excellent year to strengthen your transcript by taking AP science classes (see â€Å"How can you Exceed Expectations† section below). You'll have the opportunity to take a variety of science classes in high school. Image source: Pearson Which Science Classes Do Colleges Expect You to Have Taken? Similar to high schools, most colleges require applicants to have taken 2-3 years of science. These requirements also often include passing biology and chemistry. However, if you are applying to a highly competitive college, be aware that many require or highly recommend completing 4 years of science in high school, and they sometimes alsorequire your 4th year of science to be an AP science class. Regardless of the type of college you are interested in attending, if you plan on majoring in a STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math)field, you will be expected to have taken 4 years of science in high school, including physics. How Can You Exceed Expectations? If you are not planning on majoring in a STEM field or applying to a highly competitive college, it is more important for you to focus on courses more closely related to your future major than trying to exceed colleges' expectations with your science classes. Colleges are more interested in how well you did in the subjects you plan to continue studying in college. Completing 3 years of science and getting solid grades in those classes is typically all you need to do to meet the expectations of college admissions officers. However, if you are able to take 4 years of science, possibly with some of those classes at an honors or AP level, that's great and will strengthen your transcript, but don't pursue challenging science classes if it causes your grades in the area you plan to major in to drop. If you plan to study a STEM field, it’s important to show you have strong science skills, and your science coursework should go beyond basic entrance requirements. You will likely be using at least some of the skills you learn in your science classes in your future career, and colleges want to be sure you can handle the subject material before they admit you. Also, you will be competing for a spot with many other talented STEM students, so it is important to exceed expectations to help yourself stand out. You can accomplish this by taking4 years of science, taking science courses at the highest level they are offered (honors or AP), and getting high grades in those classes. More specifically: Take honors classes if possible your first 3 years Take physics instead of earth science Take one or more AP science classes your senior year Get strong grades in these classes Below are several examples of advanced science classes. AP Classes The main AP science classes AP Biology, AP Chemistry AP Physics C (calculus based), and AP Physics 1 and 2 (algebra based). These classes expand on material learned inregular or honors-level courses, but are more rigorous, require more math skills, and often have a greater lab component. If you plan on taking one or more of these classes your senior year, make sure you have enough room in your schedule. Because of the number of labs students in these courses must complete, these classes sometimes take 1.5 or 2 class periods a day in order to fit in all the required material. Of the three subjects, none is automatically the â€Å"best† to take;all three are rigorous courses known for having challenging AP exams (although Physics C is generally viewed as more difficult than Physics 12 because it requires knowledge of calculus). If you decide to take one of these courses, choose the one youthink most relates to your future studies and career, or look at college websites to see which course would get you the most college credits, and make your decision that way. AP Environmental Science isalso another option, and it focuses on human impacts on the environment, climate change, interrelationships of the natural world, and ways of developing solutions to environmental problems.This course is not considered quite as rigorous as the other AP science classes because it usually doesn’t have an honors prerequisite, and it requires less math and lab work.However, it is still an AP course and will therefore still be challenging and viewed more highly than taking non-AP science electives. AP Environmental Science is a good option for someone who wants to take an AP science but without as much rigor or time commitment as the other AP science courses, or for someone who is already taking a different AP science class and wants to add another that only takes up one class period. IB Classes Inorder to obtain the IB diploma, you must take at least one course from each of the six IB subject categories. Science is one of those categories, with seven different IB options. IB courses are offered at standard level (SL) and high level (HL). The IB science courses are as follows: Three Main Science Courses: Biology, Chemistry, and Physics These three classes arecomparable to AP courses, although IB courses often include more report writing and lab work. Particularly if you plan on studying science in college, it would be a good idea to take one of these three courses for the group requirement, as they are the science subjects colleges are most interested in. All three offered at SL and HL Computer Science This course focuses on computational thinking and how computers work. It also includes practical activities, such as programming. This is a good option if you plan on studying computer science or a similar subject in college. SL and HL Design Technology This course teaches students how to create solutions to common problems using the design cycle and technology. Main subjects taught include modeling, sustainable production, and innovation and design. SL and HL Environmental Systems and Societies This is an interdisciplinary course that focuses on conservation and biodiversity, pollution management, and environmental demands of human populations. SL only Sports, Exercise, and Health Science This course focuses on human anatomy and physiology, as well as nutrition, psychology, and biomechanics. SL only Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. More Options for Science Classes If you want to take a specific science class, perhaps one that is closely related to your future career, or you simply want the opportunity to take more science classes beyond the required curriculum, there are several ways to do this. Electives While taking an AP science class will look most impressive to colleges, electives are always an option as well, particularly if you don't plan on majoring in a STEM subject. Many schools offer a wide range of science electives, and they are agreat way to take a class in a more specialized field of science you’re particularly interested in, or to add more science courses to your transcript if you don’t have the time or desire to take an AP science course. Community College Classes Ifyour school doesn’t offer a specific AP science class or elective, you may be able to take a similar course at a local community college. This is also a way to take higher-level science classes most high schools don't offer, including advanced classes in biology, chemistry or physics. While taking a college-level class can be difficult, it will look great on your transcript, and you often get college credit for it. Talk to your guidance counselor to learn how to enroll in community college classes. Career-Focused Options It'sbecoming more common for high schools to offer classes developed specifically for students planning a particular science career, such as one in medicine or research.My school had a course students who wanted to become doctors could take, where three days a week they would have a standard human physiology class, and twice a week they would visit a local hospital and observe doctors and nurses. Similar to job shadowing, this is a great opportunity to get more hands-on experience and see if a particular career is right for you.Even if your school doesn’t offer classes like that, you may be able to set up something similar as an independent study. Your school may offer science classes specifically for students thinking about pursuing a degree in medicine Summary Most colleges and high schools require you to complete 2-3 years of science. You will probably be required to take biology and chemistry your first two years of high school. Take physics your junior year if any of the following apply: you are confident in your math and science abilities, you plan on majoring in math, engineering, or science in college, or you are looking to attend a top college. If you plan on majoring in a STEM field, you should take 4 years of science,including an AP science class your senior year, if possible. If you will not be majoring in a STEM field, consider taking science electives your senior year. What's Next? Trying to decide whether AP or IB is better? Check out our guide to see which program is best for you! Also wondering about which math classes you should take in high school? We have a guide that explains standard curriculum, course sequence, and ways to impress colleges with your math classes. Are you considering summer academic programs for middle school and high school students? Look at our guides on theSIG, CTY, and Stanford EPGYprograms. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Mass Spectrometry - What It Is and How It Works

Mass Spectrometry - What It Is and How It Works Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical laboratory technique to separate the components of a sample by their mass  and electrical charge. The instrument used in MS is called mass spectrometer. It produces a mass spectrum that plots the mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio of compounds in a mixture. How a Mass Spectrometer Works The three main parts of a mass spectrometer are the ion source, the mass analyzer, and the detector. Step 1: Ionization The initial sample may be a solid, liquid, or gas. The sample is vaporized into a gas and then ionized by the ion source, usually by losing an electron to become a cation. Even species that normally form anions or dont usually form ions are converted to cations (e.g., halogens like chlorine and noble gases like argon). The ionization chamber is kept in a vacuum so the ions that are produced can progress through the instrument without running into molecules from air. Ionization is from electrons that are produced by heating up a metal coil until it releases electrons. These electrons collide with sample molecules, knocking off one or more electrons. Since it takes more energy to remove more than one electron, most cations produced in the ionization chamber carry a 1 charge. A positive-charged metal plate pushes the sample ions to the next part of the machine. (Note: Many spectrometers work in either negative ion mode or positive ion mode, so its important to know the setting in order to analyze the data.) Step 2: Acceleration In  the mass analyzer, the ions are then accelerated through a potential difference and focused into a beam. The purpose of acceleration is to give all species the same kinetic energy, like starting a race with all runners on the same line. Step 3: Deflection The ion beam passes through a magnetic field which bends the charged stream. Lighter components or components with more ionic charge will deflect in the field more than heavier or less charged components. There are several different types of mass analyzers. A time-of-flight (TOF) analyzer accelerates ions to the same potential and then determines how long is needed for them to hit the detector. If the particles all start with the same charge, the velocity depends on the mass, with lighter components reaching the detector first. Other types of detectors measure not only how much time it takes for a particle to reach the detector, but how much it is deflected by an electric and/or magnetic field, yielding information besides just mass. Step 4: Detection A detector counts the number of ions at different deflections. The data is plotted as a graph or spectrum  of different masses. Detectors work by recording the induced charge or current caused by an ion striking a surface or passing by. Because the signal is very small, an electron multiplier, Faraday cup, or ion-to-photon detector may be used. The signal is greatly amplified to produce a spectrum. Mass Spectrometry Uses MS is used for both qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis. It may be used to identify the elements and isotopes of a sample, to determine the masses of molecules, and as a tool to help identify chemical structures. It can measure sample purity and molar mass. Pros and Cons A big advantage of mass spec over many other techniques is that it is incredibly sensitive (parts per million). It is an excellent tool for identifying unknown components in a sample or confirming their presence. Disadvantages of mass spec are that it isnt very good at identifying hydrocarbons that produce similar ions and its unable to tell optical and geometrical isomers apart. The disadvantages are compensated for by combining MS with other techniques, such as gas chromatography (GC-MS).

Slavery and movents to end it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Slavery and movents to end it - Essay Example However, the most flourishing anti-slavery movement at that time was the abolitionism movement. The main objective of abolitionism was to radically emancipate all slaves in the country and to end segregation and discrimination that was rampant in the American society at the time (Filler 1833). The radical nature of abolitionism distinguished the movement from other movements of its historical period. Abolitionism movement was also fueled by religious dedication in the second great awakening. The movement’s popularity therefore attracted contradictory and similar opinions from different scholars. The authors, Douglass, Pessen, and Thoreau held similar opinion on the necessity of radical transformation in ending slavery in the United States of America. In his writing, Frederick Douglass emphasized the need for immediate and radical action to end slavery and racism in the state. He offered an indomitable voice of hope to slavery in his writing. In his lecture, Frederick also talked about the need to embrace anti-slavery politics in the country. In his writings, Pessen talked about the need to fight for equality of the entire American citizenry. He condemned the unjust glorification of man through the use of erroneous information. During the abolitionism movement, Pessen discussed how the enslaved women and black Americans were mistreated by the government and other owners of the means of production (David 177). Henry David Thoreau emphasized the need for civil noncompliance in the fight for the rights of the enslaved minorities and women in the society. He was once imprisoned for breaking the law by declining to remit tax revenues. It is clear that, Douglass, Pessen, and Henry David Thoreau advocated for a radical movement that would eliminate slavery and forge discussions for fairness justice for all citizens of America. These renowned authors were solidly behind the abolitionism movement. The three held diverse opinions on the manner in which radical

Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Film - Essay Example University, who is detained as proof of the assimilation success; Sitting Bull (August Schellenberg), a Sioux chief who rejects to submit to white government policies designed to rip his people off their identity, dignity and sacred land, Dakotas gold-laden Black Hills; Senator H. Dawes (Aidan Quinn), government policy architect for Indian lands allotment to individual families to force implementation of subsistence farming; and the Red Cloud, whose resolution to make peace with American government and then go to a reservation troubled Sitting Bull (Miller, Vandome and John 3). When I commenced watching this movie I assumed I had a good handle on what happen to the Native American Indians. The Indians roams their ancestral lands peacefully and basically, with great admiration for the nation and its citizens. Then the white man approaches, stumbling all over himself with the aim of reaching the gold fields in California or the rich the high plains farmland. The Indians were no more than an annoyance, a bothersome barrier that should be relocated to one side if patent destiny is to be attained. Lands are and reservations stolen, the land that white man has already plundered or passed up, are assigned. Those who do not go to the set reservation are hunted down cruelly. Sometimes even those who agree to come in are pounced on (Sand Creek for instance) and massacres happens with cover-ups that make many people not believe the story. The Indian are massacred at Washita, Sand Creek, and Wounded Knee with petite or no public tumult, but when he reacts by killing a couple of settlers, imitating the white Americans through mutilation, the public atrocity is deep and the military is ordered a blank "kill" plaid (Miller, Vandome and John 34). With every minute the shocking treatment is recurrent, leaving the viewer with only two alternatives of responses - vomiting or weeping. It is exceedingly hard to watch this movie, not for the reason that the it looks out fashioned or

Econometrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Econometrics - Essay Example d) Assume that you run a regression with 223 observations. The dependent variable is ‘annual salary’ and there are 3 independent variables ‘work experience in years’, ‘education duration in years’ and ‘number of employees in company’. The regression yields following result for the variable ‘number of employees in company’: e) A researcher wants to find out whether age has an effect on how happy people are. The researcher runs a regression with the dependent variable ‘happiness score’ (0 to 10 with 10 being extremely satisfied) and the independent variable ‘age’ (in years). The modelling results show that age is not significant. You also have a look at the residual plot (shown below). Please explain why the residual plot indicates that the regression generated by the researcher is misleading. Discuss what relationship you expect between age and happiness. Outline how you could work this into the initial regression model and hence, improve it (10 marks). From the analysis of the residual below it can be observed that the residua are symmetrical. The residual also have constant variance. This means that the assumption of constant variance is fulfilled. We therefore expect a significant relationship between the age and happiness. To improve the initial regression model, we would ensure that other variables that influence the happiness are introduced into the regression model. f) You want to know whether people with higher incomes are happier. Your friend has run a survey in their company and run a regression on the data. The dependent variable is ‘happiness score’ (0 to 10 with 10 being extremely satisfied). There is only one independent variable: ‘monthly income’ (in  £). Your friend sends you the gretl output of the regression via email. Unfortunately, the file got corrupted and only the critical F-value is legible (see below). Using this output, show that ‘monthly income’ is indeed highly significant (provide

Samsung Electronics Company | Analysis

Samsung Electronics Company | Analysis Contents (Jump to) 1. Introduction 2. Samsungs Competitive Advantage 3. Samsungs Management Analysis SWOT Analysis of Samsung 4. Samsungs Corporate Strategy 4.1 The Eco Friendly Competitiveness 4.2 Mutual Development With Business Partners 4.3 Creative Culture 5. Samsungs Competitive Analysis 5.1 Competitive Analysis on Samsung 5.2 Innovations as the Essence of Sustainable Development 5.3 International Production Capabilities 6. Key Drivers for Future Growth 6.1 Samsung Key Drivers for Future Growth 6.2 Samsung Electronic 2011 Sustainability Plan 6.3 Samsung Electronics Sustainability Reports 2012 6.4 The Live Smart Product and Samsung Stakeholders 6.5 Samsung 9 Material Issues as Key Driver for Future Growth 7. Samsung Technology Planning Exhibit 1 1. INTRODUCTION Samsung Electronics Company began doing business in 1969 as a low-cost manufacturer of black and white televisions. In 1970, Samsung acquired a semiconductor business which would be a milestone that initiated the future for SEC. Entering the semiconductor industry would also be the beginning of the shift phase for SEC. In 1980, SEC showed the market its ability to mass production. SEC became a major supplier of commodity products (televisions, microwave ovens and VCRs) in massive quantities to well-known original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). For this reason, Samsung was able to easily transition into a major player in the electronic products and home appliances market (Quelch Harrington, 2008). SEC was mainly focused in manufacturing; therefore, its no surprise that the executives themselves were also focused on their manufacturing plants. Profits that SEC received were soon reinvested into Research Development, manufacturing, and supply chain activities. Unexpectedly, in 1997, a financial crisis hit the Asian market. Even though SECs sales were $16 billion, they still had a negative net profit. SEC executives exercised major restructuring efforts that resulted in the dismissal of 29,000 workers and the sale of billions in corporate assets. SEC was able to ride the Asian Financial Crisis and was able to reduce its debt dramatically to $4.6 billion, from $15 billion, over a 5 year period. Furthermore, SEC was able to increase its net margins from -3% to 13% (Quelch Harrington, 2008). In 2002, SEC posted net profits of $5.9 billion, on $44.6 billion in sales, and as a result in 2003 became the most widely held stock among all emerging market companies. Unlike other companies who chose to outsource their manufacturing process, SEC remained committed to its core competence, manufacturing (Quelch Harrington, 2008). During 1998-2003, SEC invested $19 billion into chip factories and $17 billion into manufacturing facilities for TFT-LCDs, which would be a major component for flat screen TVs and computer screens. Even though SEC was focused in the manufacturing process, it didnt make SEC a rigid company. To cope with supply-chain demands, the company remained flexible by building 12 manufacturing plants in China during 2003 and setting up RD facilities in India (Quelch Harrington, 2008). With 17,000 scientists, engineers and designers, SEC was able to create an endless amount of digital products. Due to its fast decision-making process and focus on a digital future, SEC was able to move a new product from the drawing board to its commercialization phase in only five months. This ability was almost 3 times faster than its competition (Quelch Harrington, 2008). 2. SAMSUNGS COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE Competitive advantage  is defined as the strategic advantage one business entity has over its rival entities within its competitive industry. Achieving competitive advantage strengthens and positions a business better within the business environment. Samsung has always seeks out the opportunities for the company stay ahead of the competitors. In todays fast-paced competitive environment, Samsung face the need to be increasingly competitive and adaptive. Samsung strategic entrepreneurship as the means through which the company simultaneously exploits their current competitive advantages while exploring for future opportunities. Achieving a balance between exploration and exploitation consists of more than merely allocating resources evenly between the two processes. Exploration and exploitation are operationally, structurally, and culturally distinct processes. In order for Samsung to stay gain their competitive advantage; they have utilized their resources to maximize their output or end products. Resources such as human resources, money, machineries and materials are being strategized to stay ahead and be the leader the global market. The first advantage Samsung has created was by developing the human resources. The company acknowledged the need for the employees to work in conducive working environment. Samsung created a family-friend working environment, which allows the team members participate in the developing and improving ideas. Samsung even sponsored their employees for MBAs and PHDs program to develop and enhance their human resources skills. As a result of years of human capital investment, Samsung has a high concentration of skilled engineers and labour. The company are able to management the human resources and knowledge which will directly impacted Samsungs operation by producing a higher productivity and quality of the product s and services. The low cost strategy by Samsung allowed them to be very competitive in the global market. Samsungs ability to negotiate with supplier, gave them the advantage of cost raw material. Samsung won several awards every year since 1995 for their performance, quality and reliability of their products and services. Hence, this gave the advantage for them to negotiate with suppliers to supply them the raw material at the lowest cost possible or even at premium. Samsungs high adaptation cultural to new and fast changing market demand made them an aggressive market reader. As part of their competitive advantage strategy, Samsung setup a centralized research and development (RD) facilities. Most of their competitors have their RD facilities and productions facilities geographically scattered around the globe. The centralization gave them to opportunities to continuous explore and exploit greater products and invention for new technology, as well as innovation for existing technology. The Washington Post on 12 November 2012, in the article Apple vs. Samsung: battle of the Innovation Strategies, was number 4 in the 10 most innovative companies after Apple, Google and 3M. However Samsung was at the number 6 spot in the top 10 RD spender compared to Apple not on the top 20 list. For example, Samsung invested heavily on the new bendable screen technology for smart phone. They planned to launch the new product in 2013, where other competitors are still developing to commercialize the new technology Most of the innovation for the Samsung products shared the same core design. Samsung flexible product line able them to materialize those ideas to end products with minimal cost occurred. For every new invention and innovation, Samsung does not need to set up a new facility. The results, higher yield against the cost of the production. Lower cost of productions allowed Samsung to offer attractive and competitive price for the consumer. The relatively lower cost gives lots of rooms for the pricing strategy to work with. Centralization of the RD facilities and the production facilities, desire Samsung to maximize their resources and machinery. High adaptation to adjust the course of production, able Samsung to produce and broad market their five major products division of Semiconductor, digital technology, telecommunication, LCD and digital appliances. The results, production variety of product mix with lower cost to meet the customer demand. Offering the market with variety or multi product segment, gave Samsung the advantage to other competitors. Example, by providing the varieties of models and product features, Samsung are able to tab to a larger market segment compare to Apple or Nokia. Centralization of RD also gave Samsung the advantage to keep their intellectual property within their boundary and mass produce at the same time. Samsung is an aggressive market reader. They are the early adopters of new technology and innovation, while their competitors still in RD progress or even finding the market niche to commercialize the products. Samsung has an aggressive learning curve, which them an advantage and ability to read the market demand better than other competitors. As the result they are able to produce customized products to meet the customer demand. Samsung stable and strong financial portfolio, gave them the advantage to launch and adopt through aggressive marketing campaign and promotion. Positions themselves before any competitor does by identifying the customers need and demand to enhance their lifestyle. The information and data gathered, along with the close monitoring of the market trend, able Samsung to customize to customer need. Samsung have a large product portfolio, which cover broad market and at all level. Samsung has been in the market since the 60s and has been well established. Acknowledging and creating the competitive advantage ensure their dominant in the industries. The fact that they are in the top 5 in smart phone vendor and shipment for 3rd quarter 2012, with 31.3% market share, proofed that they are the major player in the industry. Continuous exploration and exploitation of market and technology through RD, allow Samsung to be a solution provider for human kind on their daily living. Samsung is a brand name that represents the qualities, technologies, lifestyles and benchmark in the industries. 3. SAMSUNGS MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS The management SWOT analysis covers four dimensions namely; the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. By going through a SWOT analysis, you become aware of the most important dimensions that have an impact on the operations of the company. Once a SWOT analysis has been jolted you can come with relevant strategies in order to succeed in the competitive environment. A good SWOT analysis can help the company and competitors place themselves in the market wisely. Therefore, here we look at the SWOT Analysis of Samsung to give you an idea of how the company is operating in the world. 3.1 (S)trengths Samsung has a wide product range, which allows them to grab ample market share from various markets. This allows Samsung to not only earn a high return but it also allows them to diversify their risk and failure. According to many magazines, Samsung holds a significant portion of the market share in nearly all its products. Samsung is a reputed name and many people are familiar with it around the world. It also has won many awards on its high quality products. It has the ability and resources to use the latest technology and offer new and exciting features frequently. It has won many awards due to its ability to make innovative, sleek and slim products. It has set up many production plants in low cost locations, thus they save on cost of production significantly. It also recently has attracted ample positive press, thus its reputation continues to grow and has a positive impact on the operations of the company. 3.2 (W)eaknesses Samsung never introduces a new design on its own; it always waits and sees to its competitors. Thus, it missed the first mover advantages. It does not charge high price for its products, therefore often people relate the low price to begin a supplier of low quality products. General perception supports that the higher the price, the higher the quality of products. Many Samsung products are not user friendly, therefore consumer often hesitate to switch to Samsung products even if the price and quality is exceptional. It does not focus on a specific niche; it offers its products to the mass market only. It does not create its own software therefore it often relies on other sources to complete the products. Samsung faces immense competition from new companies and online companies. High set up and operation cost for such a company. 3.3 (O)pportunities Samsung should make an active effort to offer unique products to customers, in order to grab more market share. It could start creating softwares for their hardware devices and reduce outsourcing. It could launch sub brands to the company, with new and improved strategies. It could open more stores to serve more customers. It could make an effort to launch creative products first, rather than after its competitors. Samsung should participate in product development and attract more customers. It should also consider participating in various events to attract attention. It could offer additional services to retain existing customers and attract new ones. Increase in the need for mobile phones, Samsung could exploit this need well. 3.4 (T)hreats Samsung has linked product lines, which means that if one product line fails due to its own reasons other product lines will also suffer. Samsung production is very scattered; it controls and operates different products while its competitors use their resources and effort on one segment only. Diversification takes a lot of effort and attention. It has set up production plants in low cost areas, which are subject to ample political and economic instability. These instabilities can have an impact overall company it the crisis gets unmanageable. It is facing threats from many other low cost companies. Various companies have realized the importance of advertising, therefore Samsung will be subject to a lot more competition as advertising creates and draws attention of consumers. Countries all over the world are experiencing a high cost due to high inflation rates in most locations. Many government legislations are now active against the innovative technology due to health and mental concerns. The above section clearly reveals the SWOT Analysis of Samsung. By going through the SWOT Analysis of Samsung you can understand and further evaluate the companys performance to your own advantages. However, the above SWOT Analysis of Samsung is limited to certain significant points only. Therefore, when evaluating a company it is best to search online for more SWOT Analysis of Samsung so that you have all the information you need to assess the company. 4. SAMSUNGS CORPORATE STRATEGY 4.1 The Eco Friendly competitiveness The company have shown high concern in develop Eco friendly products in order to reduce environmental impact. A wide range of activities were carrying out by Samsung to deliver an innovative eco friendly products to customers. These activities were guided by their focus on green management, products, workplaces and communities. Samsung green management policy was aim to boost development on greener environment through their business activities. 4.1.1 Eco Products In 2004, Samsung develop a system that manages products compliance with environmental criteria. It was named as Eco Design Assessment System. This system ensure Samsung products comply with environmental criteria such as resource efficiency and eco-friendly materials as what being stated in global environment regulation. (About Samsung 2012). The system than was being upgraded by introduces eco rating system to all developed products. This rating system will rate the product to three categories which are eco product, good eco- product or premium eco product. Recently, Samsung has set a goal to ensure that 100% of their products exceed good eco product by 2013. (About Samsung 2012). In addition, Samsung also believes that its product should have long lifecycles in order to meet environmental care requirement. Therefore, Samsung implemented a strategy that providing reasonable product warranty. Recently, Samsung also come out with innovations that extending the lifecycle of certain product type. Samsung introduce its innovative technology called smart evolution kit. This technology enables customers to simply upgrade television processor or software by plugging the business card size kit at the back of television. This technology encourage customer to upgrading rather than replacing. 4.1.2 Recycling Activity The next strategy take by Samsung is in respond of requirement of recycling laws that increasingly interested by government in Asia and America. Samsung electronics have develop a proper take back systems by collaborate with the government and related industry associations to develop an effective take back system by meeting the obligation. Samsung implement these activities by implement several voluntary take back programs for its product that at the end of their lifecycle. Among them are Samsung Recycle Direct which operates in USA, and India. This program enables people to drop off Samsung products at collection site or Samsung service centre. Samsung also offers take back service for mobile phone and portable products for consumer around the world Samsung also launched in (Samsung Take back And Recycling) STAR in 2005 to ensure proper recycling process. Under this program, all returned printer cartridge will recycle to something useable. The part that cannot be recycled will be disposed and treated in a safe way. (About Samsung,2012) 4.2 Mutual development with business partners Supplier relationship is crucial to any organization. Suppliers can directly impact the financial performance of an organization as they will influence product development cost, manufacturing schedules, inventory levels and timeliness of delivery goods or services. Samsung realize that its worthwhile to have investment focus on this relationship in order to be effective and efficient. 4.2.1 Strengthened relationship with supplier According to Olsen and Ellram (1997), the link between the characteristic between of the relationship such as trust and cooperation need for further research. In order to be a true global leader in industry, Samsung believe it business partners relationship is a key element. Samsung shared it growth with outstanding suppliers by expanded its support programs to become global companies. The support programs were involved in activities that provide training, technological supports and funds. The communication between Samsung and its supplier were being strengthened by listening to voice of their suppliers from a top management visit on a regular basis. Recently, Samsung also are in planning to put more sharing growth activity with their key suppliers such as free use of patented technologies, support for patent registration of new technology developed by supplier. 4.2.2 Corporate Social Responsibility In line with its strategy to support the local communities and its commitment to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Samsung have come out with the strategy to choose and evaluate their supplier by integrating CSR element in the criteria. CSR activities are growing rapidly in many international organizations. These CSR activities provide Samsung with important opportunities and competitive advantages. Samsung take innovative strategy by conducting annual supplier evaluation including CSR activities and achievement as part of its evaluation. This strategy is aim to give supplier incentives as their participation in CSR activities structure by Samsung to fulfill common code of conduct by Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalitions (EICC). The CSR evaluation criteria consist of 20 different areas including ban of child labor, occupational safety and health and environment management 4.3 Creative Culture Samsung realize that high employees participation in the company growth is essential in order to let them feel sense of dignity, pride and ownership of organizations vision. Samsung strategy to build creative organizational culture in strengthen the competencies of their employees are giving great positive impact on Samsung competitiveness. According to Keyton (2012), organizational culture is not a tangible thing, like an iceberg, it is less to be visual seen but imagined by sets of artifacts, value, and assumption that are designed, managed and exposed by organizational members and through their interactions. Samsung comply with this theory by actively promote creative organizational culture that allows their employees to pursue a healthy work life balance in a creative and challenging work environment. Samsung also are welcoming employees that with different background and facilities. 4.3.1 Diversity Samsung is committed to create work environment that support the diversity of the global market the serve. Every employee in this company regardless of gender, race, and or country of origin should be treating equally in give a voice. Diversity management strategy takes by Samsung is classify into two basic directions. First, it focuses on diversity for minorities which concern the issues on inequality. The strategy are undertakes in upgrade policy and systems to allow people with diverse traits to work creatively. Second, it focuses on diversity perception on all employees. The strategy is aims to foster creative organizational culture that respect diversity by changing the mindset and perception of all employees. These diversity strategies are being demonstrated by offering various programs for female and disabled employees. Female employees are being offered to various programs that supports their commitment to both work and home. It includes parental leave and in house child care facilities. Samsung also have implement separate recruitment program for disabled graduate and internship program for disable students. Samsung continuously support diversity for minors by improving facilities for disabled employees in order to build culture as an ideal workplace. 4.3.2 Talent based recruiting of software and design expert Future creator challenge is a talent based recruiting process designed to hire new employees in software engineering and design which two criteria creativity and expertise are the key factors. The recruitment process were not conventionally ask for written exam but let candidate to proof their talents by submitting application as evidence to their resume or certificate. Selected applicants will undergo interview sessions to test their technical ability and evaluation on their ideas and solution. (Samsung Electronic Sustainability Report 2012) 5. SAMSUNGS COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS 5.1 Competitive analysis on Samsung A competitive advantage is an advantage gain over competitor by offering customers greater values either through extra benefit, value added criteria or price factors. Competitive advantage is essential for a company like Samsung in order to be sustainable and successful over the long term. The sustainability of Samsung today is the result from the effort has been taken to some key elements of their remarkable triumph. 5.2 Innovations as the essence of sustainable development Samsungs sustainable development is backed by innovation to several forces that become key success for Samsung. The innovation take by Samsung to overall business operation are addressing key issues surrounding quality and cost. Samsung strictly focuses in these issues by undergo innovation process to get lower manufacturing costs, high profits and reach the market swiftly. In this section well look on the factors that encourage innovation in Samsung business operation that at the eventually will lead to competitive advantage. 5.2.1 Effective RD system Samsung electronics have developed an effective RD system at headquarters and product divisions. The engineers will work on long term project or multiple division projects at corporate RD lab. The lab used by them also is supported by Headquarter and Product division. In addition, Samsung also develop their RD centers in various locations. This can help RD team to identify or observe future trends and opportunity for their technology capabilities and key technologies. This capability is manage effectively by having extensive training system to develop leadership talent. Sophisticated mechanism and evaluation system also are being used to take calculated risk when exploring new markets. This action shows that Samsung are very careful when explore new product opportunity. The team also needs to develop contingency plans to prepare different scenario that might being happen. 5.2.2 Creative talent Samsung aware that innovation is the main source to being remain competitive in this industry. The only way to improve innovation performance is by employing managers that have right set of skills and always like to experiment and take the risks. This kind of leaders are important in directs the organization in creative work culture. The brave decision take by a leader can encourage new mindset and way of thinking to the subordinates. The awareness of need for innovation has made Samsung implement several actions to demonstrate their focus on it. In four years, Samsung have double up numbers of workers working on design, budget for design were increased by 20 -30 percent annually and more design centers were opened. (Strategic Direction, 2005) 5.3 International production capabilities Recently, Samsung are facing great competition in order to sustain in industry. The competitors have recovered Samsung competitiveness by investing in offshore production. Increased overseas productions are seems to be the key major component in their strategic response. In this section, well discuss on how international production capabilities perform by Samsung lead this company to be competitive in industry by reviewing some major action taken by them. 5.3.1 Expansion of offshore production Starting in 1970s, Samsung have started to look over international linkage to acquire product designs and marketing outlet and focus on its mass production capability. In 1990s, Samsung have shown rapid expansion of offshore production as their major strategy. The strategies followed by improvement of RD capabilities to remain they are still competitive in rapidly changing environment. International production capabilities are important for Samsung in order to reap cost competitiveness by utilizing the low cost resources available in South East Asia. Youngsoo Kim (1998) claimed that Samsung implement this strategy by establishing Singapore based purchasing office in 1991 to speed up the internationalization of production. This key intermediary is aggressively played its role in purchasing and distributes huge amounts of component and its affiliates. Since 1990s, Samsung productions plants in Asia were in several countries ranging from end products to components including China, Vietnam, Malaysia and India. The presence of Samsungs production in Asia was increasingly determining its secure position in the industry by having good connection between production capabilities and marketing objectives. 5.3.2 Well trained employees in Asian affiliates Samsung have to make sure their offshore production sites are producing products that follow the specification decided by them. This is important in order to make Samsung are able to reap cost competitiveness by producing in low cost resource country. Samsung assure this condition by trained the employees in its Asian affiliates or sending Korean trainers to the affiliate. In 1990, technicians from refrigerator plant in Indonesia were sent to South Korea for conducting a training session for 3 months. One third of Samsung Microwave plant in Malaysia was also being trained in Korea. These actions have benefits Samsung when the ratio of component sourced from nearby regional suppliers had risen above 50 percent. (SMM, September 1993) 6. KEY DRIVERS FOR FUTURE GROWTH 6.1 Samsung Key drivers for future growth The involvement of Samsung in electronic and mobile market needs them to survive within the industries for the next 20 years. In the other it means that Samsung have to set their key drivers that can allow them archive as well as a benchmark for the future growth. This key driver also is based on Samsung achievements and capabilities that they have now and then to continue with adding some more new keys to guide them to realize their vision and mission. The keys driver for Samsung future growth is also known as their sustainability in present towards the future. Focusing on Samsung Electronics, Samsung sustainability showed that their performance in surviving the industries and can be also as a benchmark to survive in the future. According to Nidomulu and Prahalad (2009) company that make sustainability a goal will achieve competitive advantage in the future , that mean rethinking business models as well as technologies, products and processes. In 2010, Samsung sustainability perform ance and plan focusing on talent management, integrity management, green management, social contribution, partners collaboration and products/services. For 2011 they set 9 material issues as a guidance to sustainability in future growth; (1) Creative Organizational Culture (2) Employee Health and Safety (3) Integrity Management (4) Increasing Social Contribution (5) Patent (6) Climate Change and Energy (7) Water Management (8) Mutual Growth (9) Supplier CSR(Corporate Social Responsibilities) based on Samsung Electronics Sustainability Report 2012. 6.2 Samsung Electronic 2011 Sustainability Plan For Talent Management plan in 2011, Samsung plan to, introduce telecommuting/ work at home scheme for married employees, increase percentage of female executive, set up idea proposal system at oversea research centers and hire new recruits with disabilities. Samsung plan on Integrity Management was to improve compliance program also related activities, declare compliance management and signing of the compliance agreement by employees. Instead of talent and integrity management Samsung also focus on Green Management plan which the plan to set 96% ratio of Eco-product development, set long/mid-term targets for water management, build a global environmental management system and support for outside country partners environment management system. In developing Social Contribution Samsung plan to introduce new regional social contribution based on global guidelines (Samsung Hope for Children) and to create tools in assessing impact of social contribution programs. Samsung needs a supporti ve partner in o

The Woods Essay -- Descriptive Essay Examples, Observation

I am sitting in the passenger side as my dad is driving, and we are on our way to my grandpa's land which is located about 25 minutes east of Dubuque. First thing we do when we get there is to finish putting on our coats, and then to grab our bows out of the back, then I close my door softly. Walking through the open field I have dead weeds and tall grass crunching under my boots, and at the end of the field we reach a barbed wire fence that we crawl under. Then we cross under a bunch of pine trees and go about 30 yards into the woods to where my tree stand sits. Then my dad tells me good luck and he heads down into the gully where his stand is located. So I then climb the 12 foot ladder and sit on the seat and put on my safety belt and get my arrow ready on the bow string. I survey the land and look for any movement, so I look to the left where there is another set of pine trees, then I look in front of me into the first set of pine trees don't see anything yet. Then I hear a sound of crunching leaves and immediately look to my right and sure enough there is a big doe getting ready to cross the fence 15 yards away. Â   Being out in the woods is meaningful to me because, of the excitement I get out of observing deer in their habitat and the challenges that are presented by the sport of hunting. Once that deer is close enough that I can see it my adrenaline starts to pump and my heart starts to beat a little faster. The excitement that comes with seeing a deer is great, but it is even better if the deer is in shooting range. I have been bow hunting for two years and am already hooked on it because of the anticipation of getting a shot off at a big buck, but watching the deer and how they react in their own habitat is ne... ... shared experience to talk about and to enjoy helping each other with our techniques. Â   To a beginner in this sport it may not seem as relaxing as I said it is because, I know that when a person starts at something it may get frustrating. As a person goes along and gets better at these activities, it gets to be more fun and more relaxing. Two years ago when I first started I really was bored the first couple of days because I didn't see any deer, and didn't really talk to my dad a whole lot. Then as the next week came I saw my first deer, and it was out of my shooting range but it still got my heart pumping, and ever since then I have been hooked on it. That also gave me the chance to tell my dad what it was like, and he said the same thing happened to him when he first started out, and now we make the best out of that time and talk together. Â  

Buddhism In Other Countries

Buddhism began about 2,500 years ago, when young prince Siddhartha Gautama tried to understand the causes of suffering in the world. Siddhartha was born in Lumbini, Nepal, about five hundred years before Jesus of Nazareth, the founder of Christianity, and twelve hundred years before Muhammad, the founder of Islam. He lived for eighty years sometime between 563 and 400 BC. As Harvey writes, until he was twenty-nine years old, the prince lived a life of luxury in his palace within sight of the Himalayan mountains. Then, on several trips he made outside his palace, he saw for the first time people who suffered.Among them were an old man, a sick man, someone who had recently died, and a wandering monk. Following this sudden awakening to the suffering in the world, Siddhartha decided to leave his family and the safety of his palace to seek out the causes of suffering. He spent many years meditating, praying, and fasting. One day he became aware that people suffer when they want to hold on to material things. He realized that we should not become attached to possessions because nothing is permanent: eventually everything dies or becomes worn out. If we think anything will last forever, we are bound to suffer.The process of gaining Enlightenment took Gautama six years. At the age of thirty-five, Siddhartha Gautama, now the Buddha or Awakened One, began his lengthy teaching career of forty-five years. During this time he traversed Northern India with his band of disciples, discussing his teachings and practices freely with laypeople, religious leaders and officials of all kinds. He passed away at the age of eighty in 483 BCE. Schools of Buddhism The moment Siddhartha recognized the cause of suffering, he attained enlightenment, or the great awakening.From that point on, Siddhartha was known as the Buddha, the â€Å"enlightened one. † He spent the rest of his life teaching in India. As the teachings of the Buddha spread from India to other parts of Asia, two majo r schools of Buddhism developed: †¢ Theravada, the â€Å"Teaching of Elders† is a surviving school of the older branch of Buddhism and focuses to this day on preserving and perpetuating verbatim the original words of the historical Buddha. The Four Noble Truths, which were emphasized as the main teaching of the Buddha, are an aspect of self-benefit.Theravada extended in a southeastern direction and can be found today in Burma, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Bangladesh and Indonesia. In Theravada Buddhism, the Buddha is considered a great teacher, and each individual is responsible for his or her own journey towards enlightenment †¢ Mahayana, the â€Å"Greater Vehicle† takes the broader approach to spread the teaching of the Buddha, following the heart or intention of the Buddha. The emphasis is on â€Å"upaya† or skilful means. Mahayana, traveled from India in a north easterly direction to China, Korea, and Japan.This tradition not only recognizes the Budd ha as a godlike figure but also involves devotion to other enlightened being called bodhisattvas. In Mahayana Buddhism, we find different schools of Buddhism such as Zen, Pure Land, Nichiren etc. Each school has developed its unique teachings, but we always find a common basic foundation of Buddhist teachings, as the entire Buddhist sects are based upon the Buddhist sutras or scriptures, which reveal the world of Enlightenment. One important difference between the Mahayana and Theravada schools is in their understanding of the concept of the Bodhisattva.A Bodhisattva is an individual who foregoes enlightenment to help other beings. In the Theravada tradition, a Bodhisattva is considered a preliminary step to a Buddha, a point illustrated in the Jataka tales (tales of the Buddha’s prior births), many of which contain stories of individuals who sacrifice themselves for the benefit of others. In the Mahayana tradition, however, the Bodhisattva represents the highest ideal. A Bod hisattva is a person who has attained the highest enlightenment, which is expressed in service to other beings.According to the Mahayana tradition, a person who pursues his own individual enlightenment becomes trapped in an inferior kind of enlightenment like a prison. As they attempt to escape suffering in the world of illusion, they tend to take this world more seriously; they take this illusion as real. Followers of the Mahayana, who understand emptiness, learn to pursue enlightenment within the world of illusion. By doing this, they can experience emptiness directly. Less emphasis is placed on spiritual practice aimed at individual enlightenment and more on the expression of compassion in daily life. EnlightenmentAll schools of Buddhism believe that every living beings experiences repeated lives on earth and has the opportunity to improve its next birth by performing good deeds in a current life. They also teach that after death, a being can be reborn into another form, such as an animal or insect, and will continue to be reborn until enlightenment is achieved. Enlightenment brings the ultimate goal of nirvana, the final death, which marks release from the cycle of rebirth and suffering. Buddhists believe that by following the Middle Way, the Four Noble Truths, and the Eightfold Path, freedom from the endless cycle of rebirth is possible.Powers write about the central teachings of Buddhism which include: The Middle Way: You must reject extremes of either wanting everything or renouncing everything and seek the balance of the Middle Way. The Four Noble Truths: 1. Suffering – Existence is a realm of suffering, from birth to growing old, becoming sick and dying, all life is suffering. 2. The Source of Suffering – Suffering arises from desire, wanting selfish pleasures, continued life, power and material possessions all lead to suffering. 3. Stopping Suffering – One must completely stop wanting things in order to control desire.Only when n o desire remains is enlightenment possible. 4. The Way to Stop Suffering – The only way to stop suffering and attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold Path. The Eightfold Path If a person follows these eight rules, the world will become a place where all people can live in harmony: 1. Right Understanding-It is only when one understands the four noble truths and follows the Eightfold path can one find true happiness 2. Right Aims – One should always love and help others and not cheat or want things that other people have 3.Right Speech – One should always tell the truth, and listen and communicate in order to understand others 4. Right Action – One should never kill, steal or be jealous of others. One should only perform good deeds for the sake of others benefits and not for ones own reward. 5. Right Work – One should only do work that will not harm other living creatures 6. Right Thinking – One should focus thoughts on positive in ord er to overcome difficulties. 7. Proper Awareness – One should never let ones’ body control the mind and should know when to say no. 8.Meditation – One should train one’s mind to concentrate and think deeply, to be inwardly attentive and reflective in order to find peace within ourselves. Buddhism in India As an independent spiritual tradition in India, Buddhism diverged from Hinduism (traditional Indian thought) in several major areas, though both aim at the common goal of emancipation. Consonant with Indian tradition, Buddha accepted the general world view and interpretation of existence current in the Upanishad tradition. He looked upon existence as a series of transmigrations or in Buddhist terms rebirths.Life is suffering within the confines of samsara. The law of cause and effect in the moral realm — karma — is the arbiter of destiny, and the ultimate goal is that of release into an ineffable and indefinable experience called Nirvana. B uddha accepted, with qualification, the Indian principle of meditation and concentration as the central means for breaking through the veil of delusion and gaining liberation. It is also clear that the development of Buddhism as a religious system depended on Indian reverence for the sage.This also led to the attempt to preserve his words, and the creation of a distinctive and independent religious tradition. After abandoning his life as a prince and reaching an understanding of the suffering in the world, the Buddha, or Enlightened One, spent the remaining forty years of his life teaching people about his Middle Way, that those who follow the middle path reject the extremes of luxury and poverty, and pursue a life of good intentions and actions. The rise of Buddhism is closely connected to the prevalent practices in the Brahamanical religion (Early Hinduism).As Weber writes the Brahamanical religion had become increasingly intolerant (of the lower classes) and exclusive (open only to Brahmins and the aristocracy). The emphasis on conducting rituals (with the help of priests) was gradually alienating the masses. Sanskrit was the prerogative of the Brahmins and the aristocracy. In such an environment, Buddha’s teaching offered an alternative to the mainstream religion. The majority of its early followers were the merchants and the Sudras (untouchables). Buddhism provided a path to reach God.The tenets and rules of Buddhism were very simple to understand, appealing to the mass population. Buddha also preached in the local language, Prakrit. The practice of conducting rituals was seen as superfluous to reaching salvation. Buddha set up monasteries known as Sanghas. In his life, Buddha travelled throughout the whole of northern India spreading his message and setting up monastic orders. Since these monastic orders had to beg for their living, they were generally located near settlements, often on hillsides, etc.Often the monasteries were located on trade ro utes frequented by merchant caravans. They offered shelter to the merchants, who in return made generous donations. After the Buddha’s death, his cremated remains were placed within mounds called stupas. These burial mounds eventually became the focus of Buddhist monasteries and attracted pilgrims from far and wide. In the earliest Buddhist art in India, the Buddha is not represented in human form. Instead, his presence is indicated by a footprint, an empty seat, a parasol, or another sign such as the stupa.Buddhism in China Buddhism entered China perhaps as early as the first century BCE through the first century CE. It was carried by monks and merchants who made their way along trade routes from India through Central Asia to China. The history of Buddhism in China is a complex story of how a foreign religion was imported and transformed into a Chinese system of beliefs. Though Buddhism reached China from India by the first century, it did not flourish until the political an d economic upheavals of the Six Dynasties period (220–589).In those troubling times, Buddhism emphasis on personal salvation and rejection of worldly ties attracted believers from every walk of life. At other times, Buddhism prospered when an emperor chose it as his official religion, but its foreign origin led other rulers to persecute believers. Buddhism survived these periodic challenges and continues to flourish in China today. At first, Chinese Buddhist beliefs and temple art were quite similar to the ideas and images brought from India. These ideas traveled to China from India along the Silk Road and via a southern sea route.Many Indian Buddhist concepts were somewhat changed to better mesh with the existing Chinese traditions, such as Confucianism and Daoism. For example, unlike the Indian emphasis on personal salvation acquired by living a celibate life, Chinese Buddhists encouraged filial piety to complement the Chinese tradition of ancestor worship. Buddhist teachin gs flowed unsystematically into China from India. As a result, their diverse tendencies gave rise to a variety of schools and interpretations. The history of the formation of Buddhist schools divides into two periods.The initial period was known as the age of the â€Å"Six Schools and Seven Branches. † During the second stage, the encouragement and support of Buddhist scholarship by the Sui and T'ang emperors led to the formation of more distinct and well-defined systems of Buddhist teaching which had enduring significance. This age marks the zenith of Buddhist intellectual leadership, influencing Chinese culture deeply and reflecting the gradual assimilation of Buddhism to the Chinese mind. Buddhism in JapanBy the time Buddhism arrived in Japan from Korea and China in the mid-sixth century, nearly a thousand years had passed since the Buddha lived on earth. The religion had grown, evolved, and spread throughout Asia, developing a rich diversity of imagery and beliefs. The Ja panese continued this process of modifying Buddhism to fit their particular cultural preferences. Skilton write about the two main stages which marked the development of Buddhism in Japan. First, from the sixth through the twelfth century, the governing regime used Buddhism as part of a strategy to centralize control.Within one generation of its introduction into Japan, Buddhism became the official state religion. It took a few more centuries for the Buddhist belief system to permeate society and truly coexist with native Shinto beliefs. By the eighth century, the two religions existed in relative integrated harmony. At this initial stage, imagery used in both Buddhist painting and sculpture reflected the tastes of the social elite. The majestic and awe-inspiring images tended to focus on divine hierarchies, meditative paths to enlightenment, perceptions of afterlife and similar themes.The development of Japanese Buddhist culture and art was also greatly influenced by the Tang dynas ty (618-907) China, which was in the midst of a golden age. The second major stage in the development of Japanese Buddhism occurred in the late twelfth century, when political control shifted from the imperial court to a rising warrior class. During this period of unrest, two major Buddhist movements gained prominence: popular forms of Buddhism adopted by ordinary people and Zen Buddhism (Chan, in Chinese), which had been imported from ChinaWhen Buddhism reached Japan in the sixth century from Korea and China, its sophisticated philosophical message was difficult for most Japanese to understand. A small elite was then learning Chinese (Japan’s first written language) and some of them began to study Chinese Buddhist texts, as scholars and members of the clergy do in Japan down to the present. However, most Japanese were first attracted to Buddhist art, to Buddhist magic or to the possibility of closer ties with the advanced civilization of China, where Buddhism had already spr ead.Whatever the attraction, by the eighth century, when the Japanese established their first permanent capital in the city of Nara, the Japanese court had embraced Buddhism as well as Shinto. Buddhism became powerful in Japan because it met the needs of people on all levels of life. It transmitted major symbols of spiritual power in Indian tradition, while also teaching Chinese Confucian morality and aspects of religious Taoism, focusing on its utility in this life. It also stressed its importance for concerns of the afterlife, claiming that it cared for both affairs of this world and the other world.Conclusion As Buddhism spread from India to China and Japan it has changed and assumed new forms and dimensions. In China it has been transformed by Confucianism and Taoism and evolved further in Japan. Like other religions, the Buddhist tradition and its teachings evolved, adapted, and developed in different ways as they encountered and became at home with different cultures and count ries in various times and places; thus, over the centuries, there arose numerous schools of Buddhist thought and traditions of practice, emphasizing different aspects of the teachings.Despite the incredible variation, all have the same goal of leading beings to enlightenment. References Weber, Edmund. â€Å"Buddhism: An Atheistic and Anti-Caste Religion? † Journal of Religious Culture. No. 50. (2001) Harvey, Peter. Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History Practice. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. ) Powers, John. A Concise Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2000. Skilton, Andrew. A Concise History of Buddhism. 2nd Edition. Birmingham, England: Windhorse Publications: 1997.